-Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] As a result, one will generally believe one's impressions and act on one's desires. [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. Please sign in to share these flashcards. /StructParents 7 Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. If you (or your child) are prone to any of these, you just might be a cognitive miser:. /F1 21 0 R Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. endobj [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. What is cognitive dissonance? /Type /Page 26 0 obj [39][originalresearch? What is diffusion of responsibility? -Discrimination:negative behavior to members of out groups. What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? 9 0 obj 13 0 obj Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the 6 0 obj /Group << affects which beliefs and rules we test According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /F3 23 0 R >> /Annotation /Sect Please select the correct language below. Here are 9 common cognitive shortcuts most people do to minimize the use of the brains we've been given. /Parent 2 0 R Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies. What percentage showed complete compliance? /S /Transparency /StructParents 4 You could also do it yourself at any point in time. [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. Introducing Cram Folders! [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. 29 0 obj July 2015 . >> -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. /F4 24 0 R When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 /StructParents 11 Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known >> [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. concept, type of stimulus). -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. /S /Transparency 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R /Parent 2 0 R << /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. /F3 23 0 R /Group << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Pool study: experienced players did better when being watched and newer players did worse when being watched. << 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] endobj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Font It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] \hline \$ 8,000 & 5,000 \text { diamonds } \\ Explain the significance of [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. /Type /StructElem doctor, waitress, lecturer), Social group schemas/stereotypes: knowledge structures aboutsocial groups (e.g. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /F6 26 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Conformity: submission to a social influence, alter behavior from group pressures. Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. perception of our world. a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Group (a) 2xdxx21\int \frac{2 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x212xdx \qquad(b) 2xdx(x21)2\int \frac{2 x d x}{\left(x^2\ -\ 1\right)^2}(x21)22xdx, ( c ) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{\sqrt{x^2\ -\ 1}}x213xdx \qquad (d) 3xdxx21\int \frac{3 x d x}{x^2\ -\ 1}x213xdx. -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Tabs /S /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) others. -Conformity: -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. Pennycook . 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R endobj [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. What is what? The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? The cognitive miser is someone who is reluctant to think deeply about things. >> >> >> 1 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. [27][28], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. >> << People are fully engaged in their thought processes, and choose between a number of different cognitive strategies depending on which best suits their current goals, motives, and needs b. << 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] /F4 24 0 R As cognitive simplification, it is useful for realistic economic management, otherwise people will be overwhelmed by the complexity of the real rationales. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. /Parent 2 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Everything you always wanted to know. 1 0 obj This switch in processing between the two can be termed, A2 Psychology Concepts and studies and advanced psychology. /Type /Pages This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[41]. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation . /Parent 2 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. 27 0 obj /Annots [51 0 R] 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /Name /F2 The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Which of the following is a theoretical example of a consistency seeker model of social cognition? Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. /StructParents 12 /ExtGState << /StructParents 9 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding >> -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. -A model that accounts for the two basic ways that attitude change occurs - with and without much thought. 2 0 obj /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') /InlineShape /Sect /CS /DeviceRGB 20 . [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). 14 0 obj >> -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". 7 [218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 222 0 R 223 0 R 224 0 R 225 0 R 226 0 R 227 0 R a. [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. Keith Stanovich . 3 0 obj I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. >> In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /GS8 28 0 R -Social cognition: how we interpret or reason about social information. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. In par-ticular, this need . /Type /Font What is social loafing? Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. /Type /Group be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our What is the dual process model of persuasion? /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Type /Font 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R /S /Transparency -Reduced hostility by engaging both groups in activities together, require them to accomplish certain goals. What is the best treatment for groupthink? -Cognitive dissonance: an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, -Self perception theory: theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviors >> Describe Anchoring & Adjustment Heuristic: audio not yet available for this language, NAIVE SCIENTIST: people use rational scientific-like cause-effectanalyses to understand the world, COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours, IMPRESSION FORMATION: the way in which we developperceptions of a person, Personality Recency: information presented later has more impact thanearlier information, Self schema: individualised knowledge structures about the self, {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":true,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Week 3 Social Psychology","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/week-3-social-psychology-7549740","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. >> How pervasive is prejudice today? [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better /Group << << This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. /Group << /F3 23 0 R Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. >> 18 0 obj [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. [2] [20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. /Type /ExtGState What is the motivation of the cognitive miser? -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. The cognitive miser theory is an . /F1 21 0 R 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 What is an internal versus an external attribution? Olivier . That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. /Resources << -Lowballing: getting people to commit to a certain amount /GS8 28 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /Type /Page /F3 23 0 R >> /S /Transparency /Type /Group -Responses varied across cultures % DanielKahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[36]. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." << Sandrine . endobj /Parent 2 0 R /GS8 28 0 R [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /P 3 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] >> . First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. What is culture? /Type /Group How does a "cognitive miser" reason? they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R -Differs: nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions /F4 24 0 R That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. /Lang (en-US) The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. the degree to which something is extreme) is /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 4,000 & 9,000 \\ /ExtGState << Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do >> endobj /K [20 0 R] /F3 23 0 R [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) 12 0 obj Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. /GS8 28 0 R What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? /F2 22 0 R /Contents 44 0 R >> With efficiency as the key consideration in decision making, the cognitive miser uses mental shortcuts in appraising decision problems. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Information from the outside world i Negativity bias refers to the notion that, even when of equal intensity, things of a more negative nature have a greater effect on one's psychological state Schema is concept by J. Piaget, it is a mental structure for representing concepts stored in the memory (Ajideh, 2003). [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Contents 45 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. You have created 2 folders. 500 0 0 389 278] How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? ->paying an increase of the original price for extras [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and Arie W. Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivated tactician. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /GS8 28 0 R Cookie policy. /Tabs /S -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Popkin's analysis is based on one main premise: voters use low information rationality gained in their daily lives, through the media and through personal interactions, to evaluate candidates and facilitate electoral choices. -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people /S /Transparency /Tabs /S /FirstChar 32 /Contents 43 0 R Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us . << "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work

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