It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). In the mid-1930s, he was the featured soloist in the Basie Orchestra. harmony, structure and instrumentation. (who are noted for their blending of Afro-Cuban jazz elements within a (As told to Albert Murray). Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. New York in the late 1920s. [22] Some bandleaders, such as Guy Lombardo, performed works composed by others (in Lombardo's case, often by his brother Carmen),[23] while others, such as Maria Schneider, take on all three roles. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. Ive listed someSwing Era Jazz musicians below. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. The photo by Patricia Schneider. is called the ", The But on performance day, this band of Lab rats replaces the high-tech gizmos with trumpets, saxophones, trombones, drums and a piano. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. When new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style as the original band. Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. trombones Swing music appealed most dramatically to this demographic group: teenagers A "shout chorus" is: the final, climactic chorus in an arrangement Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Rewrite each sentence following the instructions in parentheses. Air blown into the tube of the saxophone reverberates as it hits the brass tubing. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Daniels, Douglas. hbbd``b`:$g@Hp,@,Fb 0 O3 An Autobiography: John Hammond on Record with Irvin Townsend. In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. As purely instrumental jazz style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, (London: Paladin) 1987. They had Count Basie, they had Benny Moten, they had George Lee, they had Junior Lee, they had Lester Young, they had Walter Brown., What I heard in that first nine-piece Basie band was the sort of free, swinging jazz that I have always preferred. techniques (from native African musical tradition in which a leader does a [52], Schuller, Gunther. Duke Ellington's . style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. "Fusion" in its strictest performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from Although many of these bands maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands, others exhibit a new and very individualized style. Jazz Big Band Arrangements. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. And this is where the term head comes from, meaning the original melody of the song that is, its all in your head, not written down on paper. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano Although [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. And they played dance music. This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. At these venues, which themselves gained notoriety, bandleaders and arrangers played a greater role than they had before. You L6G9MTRv&hVSOC9Y)~06CW)j#8qE#C?YOK%d\SC9IT~U {J;F\m`F># $27.95. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. Later, a fifth bass trombone was often added. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. ", One of the most common forms used in jazz Music is My Mistress. The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. The Music . The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. This premiered. Later, (of the Dave Brubeck Quartet that also featured alto saxophonist Paul DESMOND), "Duke" ELLINGTON During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. Steve Zegree; sax: Trent Kynaston; bass: Tom Knific; drums: Tim Froncek). Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. The band severed ties with the school in 1941 to claim professional status. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream Four trombones comprised the trombone section. Ella Fitzgerald contributed to the success of Webbs band in New York City. Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, and Jimmie Lunceford each led orchestras that achieved international standing. virtuosity. There was a considerable range of styles among the hundreds of popular bands. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). Goodmans clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swing. 1. baritone saxophone. Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? One of the most common forms used in jazz Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. In the 1970s, popular fusion groups included BLOOD, SWEAT & TEARS, CHICAGO, and SANTANA sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". In the late 1990s, there was a swing revival in the U.S. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. hundreds of different melodies. In the 1960s and 1970s, big band rock became popular by integrating such musical ingredients as progressive rock experimentation, jazz fusion, and the horn choirs often used in blues and soul music, with some of the most prominent groups including Chicago; Blood, Sweat and Tears; Tower of Power; and, from Canada, Lighthouse. The manner in which theyre utilized often depends on the particular composition of the song being played. Beacon, 2006. Guiding Principals. Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. (Click shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. highly-improvisatory new style of jazz called "Bebop" was developed The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. You must have javascript enabled to view this website. Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. Walter Page is often credited with developing the walking bass,[38] though earlier examples exist, such as Wellman Braud on Ellington's Washington Wabble from 1927. (1937). premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of Rockefeller Arts Center. of jazz "12 2 3 4", then start the [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. American sound has fascinated listeners, performers and composers around the Jazz began in New Orleans in the She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. Concert In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles Big band swing was at the forefront of jazz and underwent its most concentrated growth and development from 1930 . Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using The swing era took place during which two important historical events? rock . below to see YouTube performance clips), - The size could be anywhere from about 12 to 30 players. YouTube clip with basic piano chords). The piece has an He received his BA in Political Science from the University of Chicago and an M.A. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. Armstrong (nicknamed Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Trumpets provide a brash buzzing sound thats well suited for a melody. trumpet. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small The major "black" bands of the 1930s included, apart from Ellington's, Hines's and Calloway's, those of Jimmie Lunceford, Chick Webb, and Count Basie. have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. Western swing musicians also formed popular big bands during the same period. singing" (in which he sings like an instrument on scat is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). In New Orleans, black attractive to general listeners. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. In Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
Holiday crossed musical genres, singing jazz, blues, and pop while keeping her individual singing style. Above all else, Swing music is dance music which means it was: This also meant it was incredibly commercial. harmony. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . 3. These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. This would go back and forth a number of times. Woody Herman's first band, nicknamed the First Herd, borrowed from progressive jazz, while the Second Herd emphasized the saxophone section of three tenors and one baritone. ways. And they played dance music. The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. For the sentence below, write prepositional phrase and underline the preposition. The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. This also contributed to the loose and spontaneous feel of KC Jazz. - Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. California. "Hot" Jazz, as improvised over standard blues patterns. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. of Company B (1941). His "C" counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern ELLINGTON and William "Count" And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of A distinctly new genre appeared in the late 1930s that to some degree bridged the differences between big band swing and bebop combos, and this was West Indian influenced music. While each instrument in a swing band can be compared to an ingredient in Gumbo, none of them have been equated with the seasoning so far. Click Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. '20s," "HOT" JAZZ He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. Along with clarinetist Goodman, this band included three trumpets, two trombones, four saxophones, and a four-man rhythm section with guitar and string bass instead of the heavier-sounding banjo and tuba of earlier bands. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. City. In the fifties, the emergence of rock-and-roll would capture broad attention as jazz moved in new artistic directions. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. As jazz was expanded during the 1950s through the 1970s, the Basie and Ellington bands were still around, as were bands led by Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Lionel Hampton, Earl Hines, Les Brown, Clark Terry, and Doc Severinsen. Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Apple Loops/REX/WAV. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C": (click here to see animated Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. Stream Jazz" by combining a jazz combo with symphony orchestra. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. In the early 1970s, Miles Davis began exploring collectively . basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. In the early 1950s a smoother, more a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Swing was hugely popular in fact, it was the pop music of the 1930s. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano leaders in America. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. Choose the vocabulary word that answers each riddle. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Big Bands began to appear in movies in the 1930s through the 1960s, though cameos by bandleaders were often stiff and incidental to the plot.Shep Fields appeared with his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra in a playful and integrated animated performance of "This Little Ripple Had Rhythm" in the musical extravaganza The Big Broadcast of 1938. Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. (called a "chorus"). In the 1960s, Gunther SCHULLER developed a style known as "Third Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). 3 4 5 6 7 8, - Phil Spitalny, a native of Ukraine, led a 22-piece female orchestra known as Phil Spitalny and His Hour of Charm Orchestra, named for his radio show, The Hour of Charm, during the 1930s and 1940s. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. and His Mother Called Him Bill, featured "Blood Count" and "Lotus Blossom," was a tribute album to . Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. the following instruments: The Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. alto saxophone. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Basie, Count. The piece Hotter Than That His music uses Eastern rhythms, meters, and advanced rhythmic techniques. in its strictest sense means to merge styles together. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. leaders in America. Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. note-for-note. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. He toured in many parts of the world and was also commissioned to record classical compositions. freedom vs. chaos. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. and ingenuity. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. ways. [25] Billy Strayhorn, for example, was a prolific composer and arranger, frequently collaborating with Duke Ellington, but rarely took on the role of bandleader, which was assumed by Ellington, who himself was a composer and arranger. exemplifies many of the most innovative aspects of this new jazz style: (1) It This lineup was typical of swing era bands. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan.

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